← Vocab Sanjeevani संजीवनीCloze, Passage & Option Words

Chapter 14

Cloze, Passage & Option Words

Words from the cloze tests, passages and answer options of SSC Steno 2026 and Selection Post Phase-XIV 2026. These are the words you meet while reading a paper, not only in vocabulary questions. Every word has level-wise practice questions.

Group 1

Group 1 · Accustomed to – A sight for sore eyes

  • Accustomed to — used to something (का आदी)
  • Acknowledged — accepted as true; admitted (स्वीकार किया)
  • Adaptation — adjustment to new conditions (अनुकूलन)
  • Aesthetically — in terms of beauty or artistic taste (सौंदर्य की दृष्टि से)
  • Affected — artificial; pretentious (बनावटी)
  • Agree on — to reach a shared decision about something (पर सहमति बनाना)
  • Albeit — although; even though (यद्यपि)
  • Allergic to — having an allergy to something (से एलर्जी होना)
  • All-time high — the highest level ever recorded (अब तक का सर्वोच्च स्तर)
  • Ambush — a surprise attack by people lying in wait in a hidden position (घात लगाकर किया गया हमला)
  • A means to an end — something done only as a way to reach a goal, not for its own sake (लक्ष्य तक पहुँचने का साधन मात्र)
  • Amputation — the surgical cutting off of a limb (अंग-विच्छेद)
  • Ancestry — family descent; one's ancestors (पूर्वज/वंशावली)
  • Anchoring — the tendency to rely too heavily on the first piece of information received when making a judgement (पहली मिली जानकारी पर अत्यधिक निर्भर रहना (anchoring effect))
  • Anemone — a flowering plant of the buttercup family (एक फूलदार पौधा)
  • Answerable to — accountable to someone (किसी के प्रति जवाबदेह)
  • Antithetical to — directly opposed to (के बिल्कुल विपरीत)
  • Apologise for — to say sorry for something (के लिए माफ़ी माँगना)
  • Appeal to someone for — to make an earnest request to someone for something (किसी से (किसी चीज़ के लिए) गुहार लगाना)
  • Applicability — the quality of being relevant or suitable to apply (लागू होने की योग्यता / प्रासंगिकता)
  • Aquarist — a person who keeps or looks after an aquarium (मछलीघर पालक (मछलीघर रखने वाला))
  • Arbitrate — to settle a dispute as an impartial judge (मध्यस्थता करना / पंच बनकर फ़ैसला करना)
  • Archivist — a person who keeps and manages historical records (अभिलेखपाल)
  • A red-letter day — a memorable, happy day (यादगार शुभ दिन)
  • A sight for sore eyes — a person or thing one is very glad to see; a welcome sight (आँखों को सुकून देने वाला दृश्य)

Group 2

Group 2 · Assimilation – Buy off

  • Assimilation — the process of absorbing and integrating something (ideas, people or nutrients) (आत्मसात्करण / समाहित होना)
  • At odds with — in disagreement or conflict with (से असहमत / विरोध में)
  • Atone — to make amends for a wrong or a sin (प्रायश्चित करना)
  • Atypical — not typical; unusual (असामान्य)
  • Baccalaureate — a bachelor's degree (स्नातक उपाधि)
  • Backbone — the main support of something; also the spine, and firmness of character (रीढ़; मुख्य आधार)
  • Based on — having something as its basis (पर आधारित)
  • Beacon of hope — a source of hope or inspiration (आशा की किरण)
  • Be given to — to be inclined to do something habitually (की आदत होना / प्रवृत्ति होना)
  • Bellwether — a leader, or an indicator of future trends (अगुआ / रुझान का संकेतक)
  • Belongings — personal possessions (निजी सामान)
  • Bereft of — deprived of; lacking (से वंचित)
  • Biases — unfair preferences for or against a person, group or idea (पूर्वाग्रह, पक्षपात)
  • Bibliographer — a person who compiles lists of books and writings on a subject (ग्रंथसूचीकार)
  • Biologist — an expert in the study of living things (जीववैज्ञानिक)
  • Blur the line — to make the distinction between two things unclear (अंतर धुंधला कर देना)
  • Boldly — bravely and confidently (निडरता से)
  • Botched — carried out badly or clumsily (बिगाड़ा हुआ; भद्दे ढंग से किया गया)
  • Bounteous — generous; plentiful (उदार, प्रचुर)
  • Boyish — like a boy; youthful (लड़कों जैसा)
  • Bracing — fresh and invigorating (of air or weather) (ताज़गी देने वाला / स्फूर्तिदायक)
  • Broadly — in general terms; without going into detail (मोटे तौर पर)
  • Brush off — to remove by brushing (झाड़कर हटाना)
  • Buttressed — supported or strengthened (an argument, a claim or a structure) (समर्थित; मज़बूत किया गया)
  • Buy off — to bribe someone so that they keep quiet or stop opposing (रिश्वत देकर चुप कराना)

Group 3

Group 3 · Byzantine – Confirmation bias

  • Byzantine — excessively complicated and hard to follow (अति जटिल)
  • Calcination — strong heating of an ore in little or no air to drive off moisture and gases (भस्मीकरण / निस्तापन)
  • Calling — a strong inner urge towards a particular career or way of life; a vocation (प्रबल आंतरिक प्रेरणा (किसी पेशे के लिए); व्यवसाय)
  • Capable of — having the ability or capacity to do something (में सक्षम, के योग्य)
  • Capital-intensive — needing a large amount of capital (money) to be invested (भारी पूँजी वाला, पूँजी-प्रधान)
  • Carpenter — a person who makes and repairs wooden objects and structures (बढ़ई)
  • Cartographic — relating to the making of maps (मानचित्र-निर्माण संबंधी)
  • Categorical — clear, absolute and unconditional (स्पष्ट, निश्चित, बिना शर्त)
  • Characterised — marked or distinguished by a particular quality or feature (किसी विशेषता से पहचाना गया)
  • Chrysalis — the pupa stage of a butterfly or moth, inside a hard case (कोश (तितली की pupa अवस्था))
  • Circumscribe — to restrict or limit something within bounds (सीमित करना)
  • Citizen — a legal member of a country (नागरिक)
  • Clap back at — to respond sharply to criticism (तीखा जवाब देना)
  • Coagulate — to change from a liquid to a solid or semi-solid state; to clot (थक्का बनना / जमना)
  • Cognitive — relating to thinking, understanding, learning and remembering (सोचने-समझने से संबंधित, संज्ञानात्मक)
  • Collapsed — fell down suddenly; gave way (ढह गया)
  • Combat — to fight against or try to stop something harmful (मुकाबला करना)
  • Come into effect — to begin to apply or operate officially (लागू होना)
  • Comfortable — at ease; free from pain or worry (सहज / आरामदायक)
  • Comforted — consoled; eased someone's grief or worry (सांत्वना दी / ढाढ़स बँधाया)
  • Command (respect) — to deserve and receive respect or attention (अर्जित करना, पाना (जैसे सम्मान))
  • Complicity — involvement with others in a wrongdoing or crime (अपराध में भागीदारी, मिलीभगत)
  • Concurrent — happening or existing at the same time (एक साथ होने वाला, समवर्ती)
  • Confident of / about — feeling sure about something (के बारे में आश्वस्त)
  • Confirmation bias — the tendency to favour information that confirms one's existing beliefs (अपनी धारणा की पुष्टि करने वाली जानकारी को ही चुनना)

Group 4

Group 4 · Conflate – Deserving

  • Conflate — to combine two different ideas or things wrongly into one (दो चीज़ों को मिलाकर एक मान लेना)
  • Considered — thought about carefully (विचार किया / ध्यान में रखा)
  • Consistency — the quality of always behaving or performing in the same way (एकरूपता, स्थिरता)
  • Construct — to build or put together (निर्माण करना)
  • Consumed — used up (उपभोग किया / ख़र्च हो गया)
  • Contested — disputed; argued over (विवादित)
  • Continuum — an unbroken sequence in which one part merges into the next (निरंतर क्रम)
  • Contrary to — opposite to; against (के विपरीत)
  • Cosmographer — a person who describes and maps the universe (ब्रह्मांड का वर्णन करने वाला)
  • Countermarch — to march back in the opposite direction (वापसी कूच करना)
  • Counteroffensive — an attack made in response to an enemy's attack (जवाबी हमला)
  • Covert — not openly shown or acknowledged; secret (गुप्त / छिपा हुआ)
  • Crotchety — irritable and bad-tempered (चिड़चिड़ा)
  • Cryptanalyst — an expert in breaking secret codes (कूट-लेख विश्लेषक)
  • Curated — carefully selected, organised and presented (चुनकर सजाया हुआ)
  • Cutie — an attractive or charming person (informal) (प्यारा / प्यारी)
  • Cyclist — a person who rides a bicycle (साइकिल चालक)
  • Debater — a person who argues formally in a debate (वाद-विवाद करने वाला)
  • Deconstruct — to break something down into its parts in order to analyse it (तोड़कर विश्लेषण करना)
  • Deduce — to reach a conclusion by reasoning from known facts (तर्क से निष्कर्ष निकालना)
  • Defiant — openly resisting authority; disobedient (अवज्ञाकारी / उद्दंड)
  • Demographer — an expert in population statistics (जनसांख्यिकीविद् (जनसंख्या-विशेषज्ञ))
  • Dentist — a doctor who treats teeth and gums (दंत चिकित्सक)
  • Depart — to leave (प्रस्थान करना)
  • Deserving — worthy of reward, help or praise (योग्य / हक़दार)

Group 5

Group 5 · Devastating – Engender

  • Devastating — highly destructive; also crushingly effective or deeply upsetting (विनाशकारी / करारा)
  • Didactic — intended to teach, often with a moral lesson; sometimes preachy (उपदेशात्मक / शिक्षाप्रद)
  • Difficult to stomach — hard to accept or tolerate (हज़म न होना, बर्दाश्त न होना)
  • Digital literacy — the ability to find, judge and use information safely on digital devices and online (डिजिटल साक्षरता)
  • Diligently — with careful and steady effort (लगन से, परिश्रम से)
  • Disillusionment — disappointment on discovering that something is not as good as one believed (मोहभंग)
  • Dispassionately — without emotion or bias; impartially (निष्पक्ष भाव से, भावना-रहित होकर)
  • Displayed — shown or put on view (दिखाया, प्रदर्शित किया)
  • Displaying — showing or putting on view (दिखाना, प्रदर्शित करना)
  • Distils — extracts the essence of; condenses to the most important part (सार निकालता है)
  • Distributed — shared out or given out among people (बाँटा, वितरित किया)
  • Dogmatism — rigid insistence that one's beliefs are true, without considering evidence (कट्टरता/हठधर्मिता)
  • Drive down — to make prices or costs fall (कीमत/लागत घटाना)
  • Drop the ball — to make a careless mistake; to fail in a responsibility (लापरवाही से चूक जाना)
  • Duality — the state of having two parts or two opposite sides (द्वैत, दोहरापन)
  • Earthquake — a sudden, violent shaking of the ground (भूकंप)
  • Echo chamber — an environment where people hear only opinions that match their own (ऐसा माहौल जहाँ केवल अपने जैसे विचार सुनाई दें)
  • Economic ecosystem — the network of businesses, consumers, institutions and resources that interact in an economy (आर्थिक तंत्र)
  • Effaced — erased; wiped out (मिटाया गया)
  • Effusively — in a gushing, unrestrained way that shows strong feeling (अति-उत्साह से, भाव-विभोर होकर)
  • Emotionally charged — full of strong feeling (भावनाओं से भरा हुआ)
  • Endocrine — relating to glands that release hormones directly into the blood (अंतःस्रावी (hormone से जुड़ा))
  • Enduringly — in a lasting way (स्थायी रूप से)
  • Energize — to give energy or enthusiasm to (ऊर्जा देना / उत्साहित करना)
  • Engender — to cause something to arise (उत्पन्न करना)

Group 6

Group 6 · Enhancement – Formulate

  • Enhancement — improvement in quality or value (वृद्धि, सुधार)
  • Enthusiastically — with eager interest and excitement (उत्साह से)
  • Entrench — to fix firmly so that change is difficult (गहराई से जमाना)
  • Entrust someone with — to give someone the responsibility for something (किसी को कुछ सौंपना)
  • Epigraphic — relating to inscriptions (शिलालेख संबंधी)
  • Epoch — a particular period of history (युग)
  • Equitable — fair and impartial (न्यायसंगत)
  • Escape from — relief from something unpleasant (छुटकारा)
  • Establish — to set up or found (स्थापित करना)
  • Etch — to engrave deeply on a surface; to fix firmly in the mind (अंकित करना, गहराई से छापना)
  • Ethnocentrism — the belief that one's own culture or group is superior to others (स्वजाति-केंद्रितता)
  • Evacuate — to remove people from a place of danger; to empty (ख़ाली कराना)
  • Evasively — in a way that avoids giving a direct answer (टालमटोल करते हुए)
  • Exclaim — to cry out suddenly in surprise, joy or anger (उद्गार प्रकट करना / बोल उठना)
  • Exhaustion — extreme tiredness (अत्यधिक थकान)
  • Exhibiting — displaying or showing publicly (प्रदर्शित करना)
  • Extraneous — irrelevant; coming from outside (असंबद्ध, बाहरी)
  • Fallacies — mistaken beliefs; faulty reasoning (भ्रांतियाँ/तर्कदोष)
  • Fatalistic — believing that all events are decided by fate (भाग्यवादी)
  • Fester — (of a wound) to become infected; (of a problem) to worsen slowly (घाव का पकना; भीतर ही भीतर बिगड़ना)
  • Fete — a festival or fair, often held outdoors to raise money (मेला, उत्सव)
  • Floated — drifted or rested on the surface of water (तैरता रहा, उतराया)
  • Fluctuation — an irregular rise and fall (उतार-चढ़ाव)
  • Forgiving — ready and willing to pardon (क्षमाशील)
  • Formulate — to devise or develop a plan or idea carefully (तैयार करना/गढ़ना)

Group 7

Group 7 · Founder – Imbecility

  • Founder — a person who establishes an institution or organisation (संस्थापक)
  • Found – founded – founded — to establish an institution or organisation (स्थापना करना)
  • Fractography — the study of the fracture surfaces of materials (टूटी सतहों का अध्ययन)
  • Fragility — the state of being easily broken or damaged (नाज़ुकपन)
  • Fragmented — broken into separate parts (बिखरा हुआ)
  • Fraudulence — deceit; dishonest trickery (धोखाधड़ी)
  • Frightened by — made afraid by a particular event or thing (से डर जाना)
  • Full — filled completely (भरा हुआ)
  • Furniture (uncountable) — movable household items such as tables and chairs; it has no plural (फ़र्नीचर (हमेशा singular))
  • Galvanometer — an instrument for detecting and measuring small electric currents (धारामापी)
  • Girlish — like or characteristic of a girl (लड़कियों जैसा)
  • Give access to — to allow someone to reach, enter or use something (तक पहुँच देना)
  • Give up (one's time) — to devote or sacrifice one's time for something (समय देना/त्याग करना)
  • Good at — skilful in something (में कुशल)
  • Govern — control; rule (शासन करना/नियंत्रित करना)
  • Grounding in — basic training or knowledge in a subject (किसी विषय की बुनियादी जानकारी)
  • Haphazardly — without any order or plan (बेतरतीब ढंग से)
  • Hardened — made hard; callous and unfeeling (कठोर)
  • Hardly … when — no sooner had one thing happened than another followed; just as (ज्यों ही … त्यों ही)
  • Hold all the aces — to be in a very strong position; to have all the advantages (हर तरह से भारी पड़ना / सारे पत्ते अपने हाथ में होना)
  • Hydrometer — an instrument for measuring the density (relative density) of liquids (द्रव-घनत्वमापी)
  • Hygrometer — an instrument that measures the humidity of the air (आर्द्रतामापी)
  • Hypertension — abnormally high blood pressure (उच्च रक्तचाप)
  • Imaginative — creative; having or showing new and original ideas (कल्पनाशील)
  • Imbecility — stupidity; extreme foolishness (मूर्खता)

Group 8

Group 8 · Imperialist – Landlord

  • Imperialist — a supporter of empire-building, that is, of extending a country's power over other lands (साम्राज्यवादी)
  • Implorer — one who begs earnestly or desperately (विनती करने वाला)
  • Imposition — an unfair burden or demand forced on someone (थोपना, थोपा गया बोझ)
  • Imprecise — not exact or accurate (अचूक नहीं / अस्पष्ट)
  • Impressionist — an entertainer who mimics famous people (नकल उतारने वाला कलाकार)
  • Impulse — a sudden strong urge to act without thinking (आवेग, अचानक उठी तीव्र इच्छा)
  • Inadvertently — unintentionally; without noticing (अनजाने में)
  • Inborn — existing from birth; natural (जन्मजात)
  • In concert — together; jointly, by agreement (मिलकर, तालमेल के साथ)
  • In coordination — working together in an organised, harmonious way (तालमेल के साथ)
  • Incurable — not able to be cured (लाइलाज)
  • Index — an alphabetical list of names and topics at the end of a book, with page numbers (अनुक्रमणिका)
  • Inn — a small hotel or pub, especially in the countryside (सराय)
  • Inquire of — to ask someone for information (किसी से पूछना)
  • Interest in — a wish to know about or take part in something (में रुचि)
  • Interpretive — explaining or bringing out the meaning of something (व्याख्यात्मक)
  • Interrupted — stopped temporarily; broke in on (बाधित किया)
  • Interspersed with — scattered among or between other things; mixed in here and there (बीच-बीच में बिखरा हुआ)
  • Intimidating — frightening; making someone feel afraid or less confident (भयभीत करने वाला)
  • Invite (trouble) — to bring something bad on oneself; to provoke (मुसीबत बुलाना, पैदा करना)
  • Juxtaposition — the act of placing things side by side, often to contrast them (पास-पास रखना)
  • Keen on — very interested in or enthusiastic about (में गहरी रुचि रखने वाला, उत्सुक)
  • Keep one's cool — to stay calm under pressure (शांत बने रहना)
  • Lacklustre — lacking energy or brightness; dull (फीका / बेरौनक)
  • Landlord — a person who owns property and rents it out (मकान मालिक)

Group 9

Group 9 · Lay (tracks) – Merely

  • Lay (tracks) — to put something down in its proper place ((पटरियाँ) बिछाना)
  • Lest — for fear that; in order to avoid the risk that (कहीं ऐसा न हो कि)
  • Liable to — likely to (usually something bad); also, legally responsible (संभावित; उत्तरदायी)
  • Lie – lay – lain — to recline; to be in a lying position (लेटना)
  • Lie – lied – lied — to tell an untruth (झूठ बोलना)
  • Life-saving — preventing death; saving lives (जीवन-रक्षक)
  • Lightning strike — a flash of lightning hitting the ground or an object (बिजली गिरना)
  • Linguistics — the scientific study of language (भाषा-विज्ञान)
  • Logistics — the detailed organisation of moving people, goods and supplies (माल ढुलाई/आपूर्ति व्यवस्था)
  • Long — great in length or duration (लंबा)
  • Lord it over — to act in a superior, bossy way towards someone (रौब जमाना)
  • Lose one's temper — to become angry suddenly (आपा खोना)
  • Loss aversion — the tendency to feel a loss more strongly than an equal gain (नुकसान से बचने की प्रवृत्ति)
  • Loudly — with much noise (ज़ोर से)
  • Low-impact — causing little strain on the body; causing little harm (शरीर पर कम दबाव डालने वाला)
  • Macabre — gruesome and horrifying, especially in connection with death (भयानक; मौत से जुड़ा डरावना)
  • Maelstrom — a powerful whirlpool in the sea; a situation of violent confusion or turmoil (भँवर; उथल-पुथल)
  • Maintain (that) — to state firmly that something is true (ज़ोर देकर कहना)
  • Many a — many (used with a singular noun and a singular verb) (अनेक, कई)
  • Marginalise — to push a person or group to the edge and treat them as unimportant (हाशिये पर डालना)
  • Materialism — a strong focus on money and possessions rather than on spiritual values (भौतिकवाद)
  • Mendaciously — in an untruthful, lying manner (झूठ बोलते हुए, झूठे ढंग से)
  • Mentioned — referred to something briefly (उल्लेख किया)
  • Merely — only; nothing more than (केवल, मात्र)

Group 10

Group 10 · Might as well – Otherwise

  • Might as well — it would be equally sensible, or no worse, to do something ((इससे) बेहतर होगा कि; क्यों न)
  • Mirror — to reflect or match something closely (प्रतिबिंबित करना, हू-ब-हू दिखाना)
  • Misinformation — false or misleading information (ग़लत सूचना)
  • Moderation — the avoidance of excess or extremes (संयम)
  • Modern slang — current informal words and expressions used in everyday speech (आधुनिक बोलचाल के शब्द)
  • Motionless — not moving at all (निश्चल, गतिहीन)
  • Narcotic — an addictive drug that dulls the senses or induces sleep (नशीला पदार्थ; मादक द्रव्य)
  • Narrowly — only just; by a very small margin (बाल-बाल)
  • Negligibly — to a tiny degree; so slightly that it hardly matters (नगण्य रूप से, बहुत ही कम)
  • Neoteric — modern; recent; new (आधुनिक, नया)
  • Nominally — in name only, not in reality (नाममात्र को)
  • Nonagenarian — a person aged between 90 and 99 (90 से 99 वर्ष की आयु का व्यक्ति)
  • No sooner … than — immediately after; as soon as (ज्यों ही … त्यों ही)
  • Notwithstanding — in spite of (के बावजूद)
  • Nutritional — relating to nourishment (पोषण संबंधी)
  • Objectivity — fairness; judging without personal feelings or bias (निष्पक्षता)
  • Obstructs — blocks; gets in the way of (बाधा डालता है)
  • Oceanographer — an expert who scientifically studies the oceans (समुद्र-विज्ञानी)
  • On a par with — equal in quality or standard to (के बराबर, के समकक्ष)
  • Open to criticism — 1. willing to accept criticism · 2. likely to be criticised (1. आलोचना स्वीकारने को तैयार · 2. जिसकी आलोचना हो सकती है)
  • Operation theatre — a room in a hospital where surgical operations are performed (शल्य कक्ष; ऑपरेशन थिएटर)
  • Opponent — a person one competes or fights against; a rival (विरोधी; प्रतिद्वंद्वी)
  • Originally — at first; in the beginning (मूलतः; शुरू में)
  • Orographic — relating to mountains, especially their effect on rainfall (पर्वत संबंधी, पर्वतीय)
  • Otherwise — 1. in any other way; differently · 2. or else (1. अन्यथा, और किसी तरह · 2. नहीं तो)

Group 11

Group 11 · Palettes – Precludes

  • Palettes — painters' mixing boards; ranges of colours (रंग मिलाने की तख्तियाँ/रंग-पट्टिकाएँ)
  • Palisade — a fence of wooden stakes or iron railings, used as a defence (लकड़ी के खूँटों की बाड़ / घेरा)
  • Paralyses — makes unable to move or act (निष्क्रिय/अपंग कर देता है)
  • Parley — a discussion between opposing sides, especially to settle a dispute ((विरोधी पक्षों के बीच) वार्ता)
  • Pay attention to — listen to, watch or think about carefully (ध्यान देना)
  • Peduncle — the stalk that bears a flower, a fruit or a flower cluster (पुष्पवृंत / फूल का डंठल)
  • Pending — awaiting decision or settlement (लंबित, अनिर्णीत)
  • Personalisation — the act of tailoring something to an individual's needs or preferences (व्यक्तिगत पसंद के अनुसार ढालना)
  • Pertinence — relevance to the matter in hand (प्रासंगिकता)
  • Pertinent to — relevant to; directly connected with (प्रासंगिक, से संबंधित)
  • Pinion — to hold or tie someone's arms so that they cannot move (किसी की बाँहें जकड़ना या बाँध देना)
  • Pivotal — of crucial importance; on which everything depends (निर्णायक, अत्यंत महत्वपूर्ण)
  • Plague — a deadly epidemic disease (महामारी, प्लेग)
  • Plasticity — the ability to be shaped or to change shape (लचीलापन, ढलने की क्षमता)
  • Play into someone's hands — to act in a way that unknowingly helps an opponent (अनजाने में विरोधी का फ़ायदा करा देना)
  • Pleased with — satisfied with; happy about (से प्रसन्न, से संतुष्ट)
  • Plucky — brave and determined, especially in a difficult situation (साहसी; हिम्मती)
  • Podiatrist — a specialist who treats disorders of the feet (पैरों का डॉक्टर; पाद-चिकित्सक)
  • Poem — a piece of writing in verse (कविता)
  • Polarisation — division into two sharply opposing groups or views (ध्रुवीकरण)
  • Ponder over — to think about something carefully (गहराई से सोचना, विचार करना)
  • Portent — a sign or warning that something, often bad, is about to happen (पूर्व संकेत, अपशकुन)
  • Portentous — ominous, warning of disaster; also pompously solemn or self-important (अशुभ संकेत देने वाला; आडंबरपूर्ण)
  • Precept — a general rule intended to guide behaviour or thought (उपदेश, आचरण का सिद्धांत)
  • Precludes — prevents from happening; makes impossible in advance (पहले से ही रोक देता है)

Group 12

Group 12 · Predatory – Reflective

  • Predatory — seeking to exploit or harm others for one's own gain (शोषक, शिकारी प्रवृत्ति का)
  • Prepare for — to get ready for something (की तैयारी करना)
  • Preservative — a substance that stops food or wood from decaying (परिरक्षक (खराब होने से बचाने वाला पदार्थ))
  • Pretension — a claim to importance or merit, especially an unjustified one; showiness (दावा, दिखावा)
  • Prevalence — the fact of being widespread or common (व्यापकता, फैलाव)
  • Prevent from — to stop someone from doing something or something from happening (करने से रोकना)
  • Primal — original or primitive; basic and instinctive (मूल, आदिम, सहज)
  • Privilege of — a special right or advantage available only to a particular person or group (किसी वर्ग का विशेषाधिकार)
  • Procurement — the official buying of goods or services, especially by a government (सरकारी खरीद, प्राप्ति)
  • Prolonging — extending in time (लंबा खींचना)
  • Prone to — likely to suffer from or do something (आसानी से प्रभावित होने वाला, की प्रवृत्ति वाला)
  • Pronounced — very noticeable; marked (स्पष्ट, उल्लेखनीय)
  • Protest against — to object to something publicly (का विरोध करना)
  • Proverbial — widely known, as if referred to in a proverb; relating to a proverb (कहावती; जगप्रसिद्ध)
  • Provide someone with — to give someone something they need (किसी को कुछ उपलब्ध कराना)
  • Psychosomatic — (of a physical illness) caused or made worse by the mind, such as stress (मनोदैहिक (मन से उपजा शारीरिक रोग))
  • Publicly — openly; in front of other people (सबके सामने; सार्वजनिक रूप से)
  • Purge — to remove something or someone unwanted; to make clean (शुद्ध करना, (अवांछित को) हटाना)
  • Put aside — to ignore or forget something for the time being; also, to save for later (किनारे रखना, फ़िलहाल ध्यान न देना)
  • Put at risk — to expose someone or something to danger (खतरे में डालना)
  • Pyrometallurgy — the extraction and refining of metals using high temperatures (उच्च ताप धातुकर्म)
  • Question — a sentence asking for information; a query (प्रश्न)
  • Quirky — unusual or peculiar in an interesting way (अनोखा; विचित्र)
  • Rather than — instead of (के बजाय)
  • Reflective — throwing back light, heat or sound; thoughtful (परावर्तक; चिंतनशील)

Group 13

Group 13 · Reflect on – Sign over

  • Reflect on — to think deeply or carefully about (गहराई से विचार करना)
  • Refrain from — to stop oneself from doing something (से बचना, परहेज़ करना)
  • Relativism — the view that truth and morality depend on context or culture and are not absolute (सापेक्षवाद)
  • Render — to cause to become; to make (बना देना, कर देना)
  • Resign oneself to — to accept something unpleasant that cannot be changed (मजबूरी में स्वीकार कर लेना)
  • Resonance — a deep, lasting effect or significance; also, the quality of a sound being deep and echoing (गूँज, गहरा प्रभाव)
  • Responsible for — having a duty to deal with or take care of something; being the cause of something (के लिए ज़िम्मेदार)
  • Revealing — making known something that was hidden or secret (प्रकट करने वाला; रहस्य खोलने वाला)
  • Revengeful — seeking or wanting revenge (बदला लेने वाला, प्रतिशोधी)
  • Rigour — strictness; great care and thoroughness (सख़्ती, कठोरता; बारीकी)
  • Rooted in — having its origin or basis in (में जड़ें होना, पर आधारित होना)
  • Ruinous — causing great damage or loss; disastrous (विनाशकारी, बर्बाद करने वाला)
  • Runway — a strip of hard ground on which aircraft take off and land (हवाई पट्टी; उड़ान-पट्टी)
  • Saccharin — an artificial sweetener used in place of sugar (सैकरीन (कृत्रिम मीठा पदार्थ))
  • Safeguarded — protected from harm, damage or loss (सुरक्षित किया; रक्षा की)
  • Sailed — travelled by ship or boat; set off on a voyage (जहाज़ से यात्रा की; रवाना हुआ)
  • Saturated — completely filled; holding as much as it can absorb (पूरी तरह भरा हुआ, संतृप्त)
  • Scarcely … when — almost immediately after (one thing happened, another followed) (अभी … ही था कि (मुश्किल से … कि))
  • Scribble — to write or draw hastily or carelessly (जल्दी-जल्दी (घसीटकर) लिखना)
  • Seamless — smooth and continuous, without any breaks or problems (निर्बाध, बिना रुकावट का)
  • Secretion — the release of a substance such as a hormone or saliva by a gland or cell; the substance released (स्राव)
  • Seeing is believing — one believes something only after seeing it oneself (आँखों देखी पर ही भरोसा)
  • Senior to — higher in rank, position or length of service than (से वरिष्ठ)
  • Shielding — a protective covering (सुरक्षा-कवच)
  • Sign over — to transfer ownership of something legally by signing a document ((संपत्ति) लिखकर सौंप देना)

Group 14

Group 14 · Sleep hygiene – Supportive

  • Sleep hygiene — habits and practices that support good sleep (अच्छी नींद की आदतें)
  • Social construct — an idea or category created and accepted by society rather than by nature (समाज द्वारा गढ़ी गई अवधारणा)
  • Social harmony — peaceful coexistence of different groups in a society (सामाजिक सद्भाव)
  • Solidarity — unity and mutual support within a group with a common purpose (एकजुटता)
  • Somewhat — to some extent; rather (कुछ हद तक)
  • Spark a debate — to cause a debate to start (बहस छेड़ना)
  • Specialised — requiring or having expert knowledge of a particular field (विशिष्ट, विशेषज्ञता वाला)
  • Speculative — based on guesswork rather than firm evidence (काल्पनिक, अनुमान पर आधारित)
  • Spot — to notice; to catch sight of (देख लेना, पहचान लेना)
  • Starve of — to deprive someone or something of something needed (किसी ज़रूरी चीज़ से वंचित रखना)
  • Stipulate — to demand or specify as a condition of an agreement (शर्त तय करना, शर्त रखना)
  • Straightforward — simple; easy to understand or do (सरल/सीधा)
  • Strip away — to remove something completely, such as a layer, quality or right (पूरी तरह हटा देना, उतार फेंकना)
  • Student — a person who is studying; a learner (छात्र; विद्यार्थी)
  • Subjected to — made to undergo something, often unpleasant, or a process (किसी (अप्रिय) प्रक्रिया से गुज़ारा गया)
  • Subterranean — underground (भूमिगत)
  • Succeed in — to manage to do something one has tried to do (में सफल होना)
  • Successors — people who follow others in a post, office or position (उत्तराधिकारी)
  • Succumb to — to give way to pressure, temptation or illness (के आगे झुक जाना, हार मान लेना)
  • Suffer from — to be affected by an illness or a problem (से पीड़ित होना)
  • Suffused with — spread throughout; filled with light, colour or feeling (ओत-प्रोत, सराबोर)
  • Summarily — immediately and without the usual formalities (तुरंत, बिना औपचारिकता के)
  • Superseded — replaced (by something newer or better) (प्रतिस्थापित/का स्थान ले लिया)
  • Supplier — a person or company that provides goods or services (आपूर्तिकर्ता)
  • Supportive — giving help and encouragement (सहयोगी, सहायक)

Group 15

Group 15 · Surveyor – Trace

  • Surveyor — a person who measures and examines land (सर्वेक्षक; भूमि नापने वाला)
  • Susceptible to — likely to be easily affected or harmed by (आसानी से प्रभावित होने वाला)
  • Sustained — continuing for a long time without stopping (लगातार, निरंतर)
  • Suture — to stitch up a wound or surgical cut (टाँके लगाना)
  • Sweatshop — a factory where workers are paid very little and work long hours in poor conditions (शोषण वाला कारखाना)
  • Symbiosis — a close, mutually beneficial relationship between two different organisms (सहजीवन)
  • Tailored — made or adapted to suit a particular purpose or person (किसी उद्देश्य या व्यक्ति के अनुसार ढाला हुआ)
  • Take French leave — to leave or stay away without permission or notice (बिना बताए या बिना अनुमति छुट्टी लेना)
  • Take seriously — to treat something as important and worth attention (गंभीरता से लेना)
  • Tamper with — to interfere with something improperly, especially to damage or alter it (छेड़छाड़ करना)
  • Tarpaulin — a large sheet of heavy waterproof cloth used as a cover (तिरपाल)
  • Teamwork — the combined effort of a group working well together (मिलकर काम करना, सामूहिक प्रयास)
  • Technical — relating to a particular science, craft or its techniques (तकनीकी)
  • Tenant — a person who rents and occupies a house or land owned by a landlord (किरायेदार)
  • Testament — something that serves as clear proof or evidence of a fact or quality (प्रमाण, साक्ष्य)
  • Tethered — tied with a rope or chain to a fixed point (बँधा हुआ)
  • Thankfully — with gratitude; also, fortunately (expressing relief) (कृतज्ञता से; सौभाग्य से)
  • The die is cast — an irreversible decision has been made (पासा फेंका जा चुका; अब पीछे नहीं हटा जा सकता)
  • Theory into practice — applying ideas in real work or life (सिद्धांत को व्यवहार में लाना)
  • Thermochemistry — the branch of chemistry that studies heat changes in chemical reactions (ऊष्मा-रसायन)
  • Thirsty — feeling a need to drink; (figuratively) eager for something (प्यासा; (किसी चीज़ का) इच्छुक)
  • Thoughtfully — with careful thought; considerately (सोच-समझकर)
  • Throw one's weight around — to use one's power or position in a bullying, overbearing way (रौब जमाना, धौंस दिखाना)
  • Torpedo — a self-propelled underwater missile (टॉरपीडो, पानी के भीतर चलने वाला प्रक्षेपास्त्र)
  • Trace — find or discover by investigation; track (खोजना/पता लगाना)

Group 16

Group 16 · Treat with suspicion – Would rather

  • Treat with suspicion — to regard someone or something with distrust (शक की नज़र से देखना)
  • Trending — currently popular or widely discussed, especially online (प्रचलित; चर्चित)
  • Trophic cascade — a chain of effects passing down a food web when a top predator is added or removed (खाद्य-श्रृंखला में क्रमिक प्रभाव)
  • Truncate — to shorten something by cutting off a part (काटकर छोटा करना)
  • Trustee — a person given legal control of property to manage for the benefit of others (न्यासी)
  • Ubiquity — the state of being present everywhere (सर्वव्यापकता)
  • Unaccustomed — not used to something (अनभ्यस्त)
  • Unbelievable — too unlikely to be believed; extraordinary (अविश्वसनीय)
  • Uncharitable — unkind or unfair in judging others; ungenerous (अनुदार; कंजूस)
  • Undermined — weakened gradually or secretly (धीरे-धीरे कमज़ोर किया गया)
  • Undernutrition — a lack of enough food or nutrients for good health (अल्पपोषण)
  • Unexplainable — impossible to explain or account for (जिसकी व्याख्या न हो सके; अबूझ)
  • Unquestionable — beyond doubt; not able to be disputed (निर्विवाद)
  • Unsolicited — not asked for; given or sent without a request (बिना माँगा, अनचाहा)
  • Untenable — not able to be defended or maintained (असमर्थनीय)
  • Validity — the quality of being logically sound or legally acceptable (वैधता, प्रामाणिकता)
  • Vigil — a period of staying awake to keep watch or pray (जागरण, पहरा)
  • Vividly — in a clear, detailed and lively way (स्पष्ट और जीवंत रूप से)
  • Voluntarily — of one's own free will; without being forced (स्वेच्छा से)
  • Wharf — a level structure along the shore where ships load and unload (घाट; जहाज़ी घाट)
  • Whereas — while on the contrary; in contrast with the fact that (जबकि)
  • Whistleblower — a person who exposes wrongdoing inside an organisation (गड़बड़ी या भ्रष्टाचार उजागर करने वाला)
  • Wide — of great extent from side to side; broad (चौड़ा)
  • Wordy — using too many words (शब्दाडंबरी, अनावश्यक रूप से लंबा)
  • Would rather — prefer to (followed by a bare infinitive) (बेहतर समझना / ज़्यादा पसंद करना)
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