The earliest Indian literature is best described as which of the following?

भारत के प्राचीनतम साहित्य का सबसे उपयुक्त वर्णन निम्नलिखित में से किस रूप में किया जा सकता है?

The earliest Indian literature, such as the Vedas, was oral: it was memorised and passed from teacher to student, which is why the Vedas are called Shruti ('that which is heard').

Writing became common much later, and printing arrived with the Europeans.

The Vedas were later written on materials such as birch bark and palm leaf.