Which three kingdoms emerged in the southern regions of the Subcontinent around 400 BCE?

400 ईसा पूर्व के आसपास उपमहाद्वीप के दक्षिणी क्षेत्रों में किन तीन राज्यों का उदय हुआ?

In ancient South India (Tamilakam) three kingdoms rose early and are known from the Sangam poems and also from Ashoka’s edicts: the Cholas, Cheras and Pandyas. They are the ‘Muvendar’ (three crowned kings) of Tamil tradition.

(A) Maurya, Gupta and Kushan are north Indian empires.

(C) Vatsa, Kuru and Chedi were among the Mahajanapadas of the north.

(D) Pallava, Chalukya and Rashtrakuta rose centuries later, from about the 6th century CE.

Ashoka’s Rock Edicts II and XIII name the Cholas, Pandyas, Keralaputra and Satiyaputra.

Chola: Uraiyur/Puhar, tiger. Pandya: Madurai/Korkai, fish. Chera: Vanji, bow.

Keralaputra in Ashoka’s edicts corresponds to the Cheras.

Chola, Pandya and Chera all had Roman trade.

The Kalabhras later overthrew them, until the Pallavas and Pandyas returned in the 6th century.